All right. I'm very late to this party, but there's been a fair amount of not-quite-but-it's-close commentary going on about charge rates and so on. I give the below lecture about once a month, so it seems that it's time, here.
First, definitions:
- Energy. Energy is a quantity, like a bucket of water. The SI unit for energy is the Joule.
- Power: Power is a rate, and is energy per time. The SI unit for power happens to be the Watt. And the relationship between the Watt and the Joule is pretty darn direct: A steady rate of 1W is the usage of One Joule Per Second.
And, just so we're clear, here: Instantaneous power does not equal average power. One can have One Megawatt for One Microsecond, then zero Watts for 999,999 microsecond; and the average power is still One Watt.
So, in all of this, What The Heck Is A KiloWatt-Hour? Answer: The amount of energy used if one uses one thousands Watts for One Hour. The relationship between Joules and kW-hr is 1 kW-hr = 3.6 MJ. (That is: 1000W * 3,600 seconds).
For various historical reasons, the
energy that one gets billed for by the electric company comes in chunks of kW-hr's. I get charged about $0.18/kW-hr around these parts. (This is the same reasoning that has people talking about costs of money in dollars, rather than pennies: Hey, that widget is $5.37! But nobody runs around saying, "That widget is 537 pennies!". You get the idea.)
By the by: That 100W lightbulb in the overhead? Yep, it's using 100 Joules per second so long as the blame thing is on. Leave it on for an hour and it uses 100W-hr of energy.
So, because the power companies hither and yon like to charge for energy in kW-hr, the people who make largish batteries tend to rate their capacity for energy in kW-hrs as well.
Now, if one is running a Tesla across the landscape, or any BEV for that matter, the efficiency of the car is based on how much energy it takes to go a mile, at least in the U.S.. (Overseas, they play kilometers, but that's them.) The EPA tracks that stuff and one can find all the lurid details at fueleconomy.gov.
So, if one is talking about, "How many miles of charge per hour" one is actually talking about two things:
- How much energy one is stuffing into the battery per hour. (That's kW-hr's, again).
- What the efficiency of the car happens to be.
Let's handle the second item first. The OP has, I believe, a 2023 MY Performance. One
Google Search later, we got the official number: 300 W-hr per mile. (They actually say, "30 kW-hr per 100 mile, but that's the same number). By the by: This is
what the car uses for the calculation. And it includes things like the electronics being On and so on.
Now for the first: Say one has a Wall Connector (darn it, these things
are not chargers. The actual charger is in the car.) Let's say VAC is 240 V and one is getting 48A. Power input to the car (remember, rate!) is 240 * 48 = 11.52 kW.
You can probably see where this is going. How many miles of charge per hour is this?
MoCpH = (11520W)*(1 mile/(300W-hr)) = 38.4 Miles/hr.
Let's change things around a bit. Suppose the City Power at the OP's place isn't 240 VAC. At mine, as it so it happens, I have 245 VAC. The current is set by the car, so the input power, when charging, would be 245V * 48A = 11.76 kW. Charge rate for the OP's car at my place would then be:
MoCpH = (11,760W) * (1 mile/300W-hr) = 39.2 Miles/hr.
If the air conditioning is off, I'd expect the MoCpH number to go up by a Mile per hour: The AC uses energy. And there's your 40 MoCpH number.
Now, my spouse runs around in a 2021 MY LR. According to the EPA and the Mulroney sticker, this car gets 270 W-hr/mile. At 240 VAC, then, the charge rate in miles per hour would be:
MoCpH = (11,520W) * (1 mile/270W-hr) = 42.6 Miles/hr. At the elevated voltage that we have over here, that would be
MoCpH = 11,760W) * (1 mile/270W-hr) = 43.6 Miles/hr
Finally, my daily driver is a 2018 M3 LR RWD. That car gets 260 W-hr/mile. At the 245 VAC we've got here, I get:
MoCpH = (11,760W)*(1 mile/260W-hr) = 45.3 W-hr/mile.
And that last one is about right: I see that all the time. I sometimes get 46 W-hr/mile on that car when the air conditioning and such is off.
When do these numbers get really weird? When one is somewhere over 90% charged, at which point the car slows down the charge rate to prevent damaging the batteries. The other time things get silly is when its
cold outside: the battery gets warmed up to charge, and it does that by heating the car coolant by a couple of different methods depending upon make and year, but all those methods use up some energy that goes into heat, not battery charging.
Summary: Don't know how many Teslas the electrician has put in Wall Connectors for, but he/she is dead on with that 40 MoCpH for a Performance Model Y.
As you guys are finding out, what people want to
know is not how many kW-hrs are being stuffed into their cars' batteries, but rather
what additional distance the car can go per unit of time being charged. So, Tesla does the same calculations as I did above. It's not rocket science. The only difference, I suppose, is that they have the actual numbers for how much energy the car is or isn't putting into heat when the car's being charged, so one gets a bit more accurate number from their charts, since they know that the A/C is off and so on.