The other one I can’t figure out is Honda. Such a savvy, high-quality company but....Totally dropped the ball with EVs.
From the beginning Soichiro Honda saw the company as an engine company, something he repeated in various words over the years:
"Success represents the 1% of your work which results from the 99% that is called failure.” - Soichiro Honda (Founder, Honda Motor Company)
www.legends.report
That history explains exactly why Honda achieved such success and explains how they've been unable to adapt well.
FWIW, I owned a Honda S600 with an 11,500 RPM rev limit in 1966. from the first piston ring that established Honda until now, perfection of ICE was the singular goal.
From Honda, Toyota and on until examples such as Aches Power:
The OPGCI combines proven, efficient technologies in an internal combustion engine that has the potential to be about 50% more efficient than today’s gasoline engines, with comparable power, torque, NVH and size.
achatespower.com
Huge resources have been and are being spent to improve ICE.
The 'installed base' problem explains why the US remains non-metric, governments fight to preserve auto dealers, oil and gas companies and all those obsolete OEM's.
None of this is even hard to explain. The massive success of people such as Henry Ford, Soichiro Honda, John D Rockefeller etc built directly on the inventions of Nikolaus Otto, Rudolf Diesel and even a bit of Felix Wankel. All those successors did not question the concept ICE which was such and advantage over steam engines, themselves having fueled the industrial revolution thanks to Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen.
Let us be both blunt and realistic, major technological advances are inherently disruptive causing the innovators of the past to seem antediluvian despite their massive contributions to human development.
Some of those past innovators among ICE OEM's will survive and perhaps thrive. It is not surprising that companies such as Hyundai+Kia are doing better than are ones like Toyota, General Motors and VAG. The Hyundai group made their very first car, a Ford Cortina in 1968 and their first own design, the Pony in 1976. I drove a Pony soon after in Kuwait, it was pretty bad. Honda had the T360 in 1963. All the other non-Chinese OEM's originated in the 1930's or before.
The previous paragraph describes the problem of 'installed base', the older the base is the harder it is to change. For confirmation look at aircraft manufacturers from piston to turboprop to ducted fan. Then compare NCR, IBM, Microsoft and Apple.
The history lessons show is that 'old dogs can learn new tricks' but that is uncommon.
They also show that the successful innovators invariably spawn successful imitators and that these are highly desirable, in fact necessary. It is that belief that drives me to attempt to find survivors...not just Chinese ones. Remember that the Japanese ones grew the 1970's, the Korean ones the 1980's and the Chinese ones have been doing the 2010's-2020's.
Then there is Tesla, unlike any other...