I have solved my vibrations. I brought my Model S to a reputable rim repair shop after a couple of tire shops with Hunter Road Force Balancers independently told me one of my wheels was bent. While googling this rim repair shop, I remembered that I had brought my Audi A5 there in 2016 to fix bent wheels that were causing vibrations back then.
The shop owner contacted me an hour after I dropped the car off, saying three of my Arachnid wheels were bent and one of my wheels had a very high road force reading, but he managed to get it down to 19.
A few hours later, he called me to come pick up the car. The other three wheels were smacked back into shape (there are videos on YouTube on how this is done) and then road force balanced. He was confident that if this did not fix the issue, the root cause would not be the wheels or tires.
I've driven over 1500 miles so far, and the car is extremely smooth at all highway speeds. Some particular portions of the road still vibrate, but it is extremely mild (almost imperceptible) and short-lived, easily attributed to the road rather than the car.
My theory after all of this is that the Arachnid and Tempest wheels are manufactured cheaply, and the majority of them are not round from the factory. My 2015 Audi A5 had 19s that were stamped BBS (IMO top 3 wheel manufacturer) on the inside of the wheels.