I used to think typical was based upon your actual usage, but was corrected about 6 months ago when I made a comment along those lines on the forum.
My current understanding (which could well still be wrong!) is:
Rated - uses the Wh/km rate that you would have to achieve to do the rated range stated on the consumption label stuck inside your windscreen (502km for an 85kwh RWD). This is something down around 160Wh/km (bearing in mind there is maybe only 80kWh in the battery that is usable) and therefore is close to unachievable in normal driving. On a long trip, on flat roads, minimal AC use and keeping speed down to 100km/hr you might get it.
Typical - Uses the Wh/km rate stated on the consumption sticker that was stuck inside your windscreen which is 181Wh/km for an 85kwh RWD. This is much closer to be achievable in a mix of everyday driving and hence seems relatively accurate for many drivers, particularly on longer trips.
Predicted - Is based on your actual average usage for the last xx km, depending on which distance you have selected on the energy graph.
As to why the figures displayed at 90 or 100% charge are changing I can only hypothesise that Tesla are playing around with the minimum level the battery can be discharged to or how they calculate what the total capacity of the battery is (which will naturally reduce over time).
The consumption rate used for Rated or Typical in different countries may be different based upon the testing cycle used in those countries to get the official rated range and "fuel consumption" figures.