I think we're talking about two very different things here.
The primary question is "active noise reduction" which listens to the sound inside the cabin and sends an opposite sound wave to cancel out the unwanted sound. This is very difficult because of the wide variety of sounds, locations, and volumes. You want a system to eliminate "noise" frequencies without interfering with speech and music that share a lot of those frequencies. I believe it could help with the A/C noise and maybe some road noise, but this tech works best in headphones where you have a known source (e.g. music) and a seperate external noise. In a car, the wanted and unwanted noise are mixed.
Adjusting the music volume simply tries to overpower the road noise with increasing the volume as you drive faster/louder.
It's a cool optional feature that makes music easier to hear but, unlike a working active noise reduction system, it doesn't help (and could hurt) speech intelligibility with passengers and lessens the ability to hear external noises (like horns and sirens).
Passive sound reduction is much easier, but at a weight expense. Eventually, with enough microphones (and possibly dedicated speakers near the source of the unwanted noise) blanketing the car and the right software, I can see significant gains in active noice reduction... but we'll probably have Level 4 autonomy first.