I've got too much on today to answer every one of those points (believe me, they can be), but I'll start off with this:
Two minutes using Google Scholar found a couple of papers for you to get going:
http://chaser.env.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~ke..._TAR-FRONT.pdf
http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/15...-125-5-875.pdf
They're getting on a bit, but it's a starting point. Many more are available in the scientific press. You can go into any library and request them if you don't want to pay the online subs for the journals.
If you want datasets, plenty are available. Here, for example, is how to get them from the European Space Agency's Earth Observation satellites: ESA Earthnet: How to Access
One of the major climate models is the UK Hadley Centre's HadCM3:
Met Office: Climate Change
BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Models 'key to climate forecasts'
This turns up a lot more info, including descriptions and input data. If you want to take that line of research further, I can probably get you a contact there.
It may not be in the mainstream press, but that is far from saying it isn't public. Just get any peer-reviewed journal in this field and you'll find pages of the stuff.






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, here's another Arctic sea ice story from them: